化学化工专业英语试题_化学工程与工艺专业英语阅读教程_化学工程与工艺考教师(8)

Individualmanufacturingplantshavecapacitiesrangingfromjustafewtonesperyearinthefinechemicalsareatotherealgiantsinthefertilizerandpetrochemicalsectorswhichrangeupto500,000tonnes.Thelatterrequiresenormouscapitalinvestment,sinceasingleplantofthissizecannowcost$520million!This,coupledwiththewidespreaduseofautomaticcontrolequipment,helpstoexplainwhythechemicalindustryiscapital-ratherthanlabor-intensive.

一个制造厂的生产量很不一样，精细化工领域每年只有几吨，而巨型企业如化肥厂和石油化工厂有可能高达500,000吨。后者需要巨大的资金投入，因为一个这样规模的工厂要花费2亿5千万美元，再加上自动控制设备的普遍应用，就不难解释为什么化工厂是资金密集型企业而不是劳动力密集型企业。

Themajorchemicalcompaniesaretrulymultinationalandoperatetheirsalesandmarketingactivitiesinmostofthecountriesoftheworld,andtheyalsohavemanufacturingunitsinanumberofcountries.Thisinternationaloutlookforoperations,orglobalization,isagrowingtrendwithinthechemicalindustry,withcompaniepandingtheiractivitieseitherbyerectingmanufacturingunitsinothercountriesorbytakingovercompanieswhicharealreadyoperatingthere.

大部分化学公司是真正的跨国公司，他们在世界上的许多国家进行销售和开发市场，他们在许多国家都有制造厂。这种国际间的合作理念，或全球一体化，是化学工业中发展的趋势。大公司通过在别的国家建造制造厂或者是收购

已有的工厂进行扩张。

Unit2ResearchandDevelopment

Researchanddevelopment,orR&Dasitiscommonlyreferredto,isanactivitywhichiscarriedoutbyallsectorsofmanufacturingindustrybutittentvariesconsiderably,aswewillseeshortly.Letusfirstunderstand,oratleastgetafeelfor,whatthetermsmean.Althoughthedistinctionbetweenresearchanddevelopmentisnotalwaysclear-cut,andthereisoftenconsiderableoverlap,wewillattempttoseparatethem.Intermsresearchcanbethoughtofastheactivitywhichproducesnewideasandknowledgewhereasdevelopmentisputtingthoseideasintopracticeasnewprocessandproducts.Toillustratethiswithanexample,predictingthestructureofanewmoleculewhichwouldhaveaspecificbiologicalactivityandsynthesizingitcouldbeseenasresearchwhereastestingitanddevelopingittothepointwhereitcouldbemarketedasanewdrugcouldbedescribedasthedevelopmentpart.