化学化工专业英语试题_化学工程与工艺专业英语阅读教程_化学工程与工艺考教师(48)

20MaterialScienceandChemicalEngineering

材料科学和化学工程

Afewyearsago,whowouldhavedreamedthatanaircraftcouldcircumnavigatetheearthwithoutlandingorrefueling?Yetin1986thenovelaircraftVoyagerdidjustthat.ThesecretofVoyager’slongflightliesinadvancedmaterialsthatdidnotexistafewyearsago.Muchoftheairframewasconstructedfromstrong,lightweightpolymer-fibercompositesectionsassembledwithdurable,high-strengthadhesive;theenginewaslubricatedwithasyntheticmulticomponentliquiddesignedtomaintainlubricityforalongtimeundercontinuousoperation.Thesespecialmaterialstypifytheadvancesbeingmadebyscientistsandengineerstomeetthedemandsofmodernsociety.

几年以前，谁会想到一架飞机可以绕地球航行而中途不需要着陆或添加燃料？而在1986年新型的飞机航海者就做到了这一点。航海者具备长途飞行能力的秘密就在于几年前还没有出现的先进的材料。其机身大部分是由强度大、质量轻的聚合纤维用耐久的、度的粘合剂组装而成的。而发动机润滑油是合成的多组分液体，可维持很长时间连续运转的润滑性。这些特殊材料具有科学家和工程师们为满足现代社会的需求所发明的先进技术。

Thefutureofindustriessuchastransportation,communications,electronics,andenergyconversionhingesonnewandimprovedmaterialsandtheprocessingtechnologiesrequiredtoproducethem.Recentyearshaveseenrapidadvancesinourunderstandingofhowtocombinesubstancesintomaterialswithspecial,high-performancepropertiesandhowtobestusethesematerialsinsophisticateddesigns.

如运输、通讯、电子、能量转换这些工业的未来多依赖新的、先进的材料以及生产中所需要的加工技术。近年来，在我们了解了如何把一些特殊的具有高性能的物质融入原材料并且怎样最好地在复杂设计中使用这些材料后，这方面已有了很大的发展。

Therevolutioninmaterialsscienceandengineeringpresentsbothopportunitiesandchallengestochemicalengineers.Withtheirbasicbackgroundinchemistry,physics,andmathematicsandtheirunderstandingoftransportphenomena,thermodynamics,reactionengineering,andprocessdesign,chemicalengineerscanbringinnovativesolutionstotheproblemsofmodernmaterialstechnologies.Butitisimperativethattheydepartfromthetraditional“thinkbig”philosophyoftheprofession;toparticipateeffectivelyinmodernmaterialsscienceandengineeringtheymustlearnto“thinksmall”thecrucialphenomenainmakingmodernadvancedmaterialsoccuratthemolecularandmicroscalelevels,andchemicalengineersmustunderstandandlearntocontrolsuchphenomenaiftheyaretoengineerthenewproductsandprocessesformakingthem.Thiscrucialchallengeisillustratedintheselectedmaterialsareasdescribedinthefollowingsections.