化学化工专业英语试题_化学工程与工艺专业英语阅读教程_化学工程与工艺考教师(62)

Industrialwastetreatment.Thehazardousorganiccomponentsinindustrialwastewatercouldbedestroyedwiththermocatalyticorphotocatalyticprocesses.Apromisinglineofresearchemploys“supercritical”waterathightemperaturesandpressures.Undertheseconditions,waterexhibitsverydifferentchemicalandphysicalproperties.Itdissolvesreactionsofmanymaterialsthatarenearlyinertundernormalconditions.

工业废水处理。工业废水中的有害有机物能被热催化或光催化的过程破坏。一项前景很好的研究工作是利用高温高压下的超临界水。在这种条件下，水表现出截然不同的物理和化学性质，它可以溶解并有助于那些在常态下的水中几乎是惰性的物质发生反应。

High-levelnuclearwaste.Substantialsavingswouldbeachievedifthevolumeandcomplexityofnuclearwasterequiringstoragecouldbesignificantlyreduced;thisreductionwouldrequireeconomicseparationoftheradioactivecomponentsfromthelargevolumesofothermaterialsthataccompanythenuclearwaste.Thehazardouschemicalwastemightythenbedisposedofseparately.Thedisposeofnuclearwastewillrequiremajorresearchanddevelopmenteffortsovermanyyears.

高辐射的核废料。如果需要储藏的核废料其数量和组成能够显著地减少，就可以节省一大笔的费用。这种减少需要用经济的方法把放射性成分与大量其它与核废料共存的物质分离开来，这样有害的化学废料就可以分别地进行处置，核废料的处置仍将需要今后许多年进行大量的研究和开发工作。

Membranetechnology.Separationsinvolvingsemipermeablemembranesofferconsiderablepromise.Thesemembranes,usuallysheetsofpolymers,areimpervioustosomekindsofchemicalsbutnottoothers.Suchmembranesareusedtopurifywater,leavingbehinddissolvedsaltsandprovidingcleandrinkingwater.Membraneseparationsarealsoapplicabletogasesandarebeingusedfortherecoveryofminorcomponentsinnaturalgas,toenhancetheheatingvalueofnaturalgasbyremovalofcarbondioxide,andfortherecoveryofnitrogenfromair.Researchchallengesincludethedevelopmentofmembranesthatarechemicallyandphysicallymoreresilient,thatarelespensivetomanufacture,andthatprovidebetterseparationefficienciestoreduceprocessingcosts.