化学化工专业英语试题_化学工程与工艺专业英语阅读教程_化学工程与工艺考教师(32)

早期的化学工程学以描述性为主。许多早期的有关化学工程的教科书和手册都是那个时候已知的商品生产过程的百科全书。科学和工业的发展使化学品的制造数量迅速增加。举例来说，今天石油已经成为八万多种化学产品生产的原材料。一方面是化学加工工业扩张的要求，另一方面是化学和技术水平的发展为化学工艺建立理论基础提供了可能。

Asthechemicalprocessindustriesforgedahead,newdata,newrelationshipsandnewgeneralizationswereaddedtothesubject-matterofchemicalengineering.Manybranchesintheirownrighthaveseparatedfromthemainstreamofchemicalengineering,suchasprocessandplantdesign,automation,chemicalprocesssimulationandmodeling,etc.

随着化学加工工业的发展，新的数据，新的关系和新的综论不断添加到化学工程学的目录中。然后又从主干上分出许多的分支，如工艺和工厂设计，自动化，化工工艺模拟和模型，等等。

ABriefHistoricalOutline

Historically,chemicalengineeringisinseparablefromthechemicalprocessindustries.Initsearlydayschemicalengineeringwhichcameintobeingwiththeadventofearlychemicaltradeswasapurelydescriptivedivisionof

appliedchemistry.1.简要的历史轮廓

从历史上来说，化学工程学与化学加工工业密不可分。在早期，化学工程学随着早期化学产品交易的发展而出现，是应用化学的纯描述性的分支。

ThemanufactureofbasicchemicalproductsonEuropeappearstohavebeguninthe15thcenturywhensmall,specializedbusinesseswerefirstsetuptoturnoutacids,alkalis,salts,pharmaceuticalpreparations,andsomeorganiccompounds.

在欧洲，基础化学产品的制造出现在15世纪。一些小的、专门的企业开始创立，生产酸、碱、盐、药物中间体和一些有机化合物。

Foralltherhetoricofnineteenth-centuryacademicchemistsinBritainurgingthepriorityofthestudyofpurechemistryoverapplied,theirstudentswhobecameworkschemistswerelittlemorethanqualitativeandquantitativeysts.Beforethe1880sthiswasequallytrueofGermanchemicalfirms,whoremainedcontenttoretainacademicconsultantswhopursuedresearchwithintheuniversityandwhowouldoccasionallyprovidethematerialformanufacturinginnovation.Bythe1880s,however,industrialistswerebeginningtorecognizethatthescalingupofconsultants’laboratorypreparations,andsyntheseswasadistinctlydifferentactivityfromlaboratoryinvestigation.Theybegantorefertothisscalingproblemanditssolutionas“chemicalengineering”—possiblybecausethemechanicalengineerswhohadalreadybeenintroducedintoworkstowhoseemedbestabletounderstandtheprocessinvolved.Theacademicdichotomyofheadandhanddiedslowly.