化学化工专业英语试题_化学工程与工艺专业英语阅读教程_化学工程与工艺考教师(15)

订出来的法律；第二，生产者必须花钱对废物进行处理以便它能安全地清除，比如说，排放到河水中。显然这是生产过程的又一笔费用，它将增加所生产化学产品的成本。通过减少废物数量提高效益其潜能是不言而喻的。

Note,however,withaplantwhichhasalreadybeenbuiltandisoperatingthereareusuallyonlyverylimitedphysicalchangeswhichcanbemadetotheplanttoachievetheaboveaims.Hencetheimportance,alreadymentioned,ofeliminatingwasteproductionatthedesignstageofanewplant.Conservingenergyandthusreducingenergycosthasbeenanothermajorpreoccupationinrecentyears.

然而，请注意，对于一个已经建好并正在运行的工厂来说，只能做一些有限的改变来达到上述目的。因此，上面所提到的减少废品的重要性应在新公厂的设计阶段加以考虑。近年来另一个当务之急是保护能源及降低能源消耗。

(4)Applicationsdevelopment.Clearlythediscoveryofnewapplicationsorusesforaproductcanincreaseorprolongitsprofitability.Notonlydoesthisgeneratemoreincomebuttheresultingincreasedscaleofproductioncanleadtolowerunitcostsandincreasedprofit.AnexampleisPVCwhoseearlyusesincludedrecordsandplasticraincoats.Applicationswhichcamelaterincludedplasticbagsandparticularlyengineeringusesinpipesandguttering.

（4）应用开发。显然发掘一个产品新的用处或新的用途能拓宽它的获利渠道。这不仅能创造更多的收入，而且由于产量的增加使单元生产成本降低，从而使利润提高。举例来说，PVC早期是用来制造唱片和塑料雨衣的，后来的用途扩展到塑料薄膜，特别是工程上所使用的管子和排水槽。

Emphasishasalreadybeenplacedonthefactthatchemicalsareusuallypurchasedfortheeffect,orparticularuse,orapplicationwhichtheyhave.Thisoftenmeansthattherewillbecloseliaisonbetweenthechemicalcompanies’technicalsalesrepresentativesandthecustomer,andtheleveloftechnicalsupportforthecustomercanbeamajoctorinwinningsales.Researchanddevelopmentchemistsprovidethesupportfortheseapplicationsdevelopments.AnexampleisCF3CH3F.ThisisthefirstoftheCFCreplacementsandhasbeendevelopedasaextractingnaturalproductsfromplantmaterials.Innowaywasthisenvisagedwhenthecompoundwasfirstbeingmadeforuseasarefrigerantgas,butitclearlyisanexampleofapplicationsdevelopment.