赫里福德世界地图（Mappa Mundi）介绍(3)

穴居人

水赤链游蛇又名水游蛇，昼夜均有活动，善游泳，捕到猎物后在水面吞食，以泥鳅、鳝鱼等为食，亦食蛙类及蝌蚪，有红黑相间斑纹，腹部偏红色，背部偏黑色，喜栖息与池沼及流速较缓河流边树根洞穴、水稻田埂鼠洞或鳝鱼洞穴中，冬季冬眠时常多只共存与一穴。指由食泥或穴居的蠕虫、软体动物或其他无脊椎动物等留于沉积物中的管状或柱状洞穴保存而成的化石。在世界上已知的21,000种穴居动物中，目前还没有发现飞行的真洞穴动物，真洞穴动物一生都生活在洞穴中，而像蝙蝠那样的半洞穴动物在外界环境中也能生存 据国外媒体报道，近日在克罗地亚一处洞穴...。

Cynocephali (Dog-heads)

Stories about men with the heads of dogs and barking voices are many and varied, and go back to classical antiquity. Some medieval travellers and writers describe the Cynocephali as ‘barbarians’, who can be tender one minute, but agressive and uncontrolled the next. In one medieval legend from Wales, the Cynocephali can be interpreted as werewolfs. In some other legends, St Christopher is reported to be a giant with a head like a dog.

狗首人(《山海经》中有“犬戎国”世界地图耶路撒冷国，《胡峤陷北记》有“狗國”)

追溯到古典时代，有关人身狗首并伴有吠叫的传说故事是比较繁多的。一些中世纪旅行家和作家描述狗首人是一类态度只能谦和一会儿但接下便是好斗且无拘束的野蛮人。在中世纪有一则来自威尔士的传说，狗首人能被看成一种狼人。在其他传说中，如圣•克里斯托弗则将其说成是拥有狗头的巨兽。

《契丹国志•卷之二十五•胡峤陷北记》，言：“（韈劫子）又北狗国，人身狗首，长毛不衣，手搏猛兽，语为犬嗷，其妻皆人，能汉语，生男为狗，女为人，自相婚嫁，穴居食生……”。

各地城镇

Hereford

On the map, Hereford is pictured as a small, indistinct building on the river Wye. It seems to have been almost rubbed off the vellum, and some scholars think this might be due to the pointing fingers of Herefordians or pilgrims over the centuries as they located the city. Recent scientific tests on the map’s wooden frame (displayed in the exhibition) suggest that the map was probably made in or near Hereford.

赫里福德

赫里福德在地图上被绘制成一栋位于瓦伊河处小的并有些模糊的建筑。其看似是几乎被擦掉了一层犊皮纸。一些学者认为此可能是因赫里福德人或朝圣者长达几个世纪用手指（地图上）其所在的城市而造成的磨损。近来通过对此图木制框板的科学测试发现此地图可能制作于赫里福德城市附近。

Jerusalem

Jerusalem, represented by a circlular battlemented wall enclosing eight towers or gates, is the place of the crucifixion and the centre of the map. The book of Ezekiel in the Old Testament of the Bible says: ‘Thus says the Lord God: This is Jerusalem; I have set her in the centre of the nations’, and the Hereford map is just one of a number of medieval maps that show Jerusalem as the centre of the known inhabited world.

耶路撒冷

耶路撒冷以附有八个塔或城门的环状雉堞墙表现于地图中，此城既是地图的中央亦是耶稣受难的地方。在《圣经》旧约的以西结书中说道：“如此说乃主耶和华：这是耶路撒冷；我将其方于众多国家的中心”。赫里福德地图只是一大批中世纪地图中显示耶路撒冷作为已知有人居住世界的中心的一幅。

Rome

Rome is very large on the map, and clearly important. It is where St Peter and St Paul were martyred. St Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, and popes who came after him were seen as his successors. In the Middle Ages, Rome was central to the spread of western Christianity. The text on the map reads: ‘Rome, head of the world, holds the bridle of the spherical earth.’

罗马

罗马城在此地图中绘制的十分巨大并显得很重要。此处乃圣彼得及圣保罗徇命之地。圣彼得是第一个罗马主教，并且后来的教皇被视为他的接班人。中世纪的罗马是西方基督教的传播中心。图注云：“罗马，世界的领头，把持着地球面上的缰绳。”

Paris

With its multiple towers and pinnacles, Paris is the largest and grandest structure in Europe. Its significance can perhaps be explained by its medieval university’s importance for the study of philosophy and theology. Many of the principal medieval theologians and religious leaders worked and studied in Paris, including St Thomas Cantilupe, bishop of Hereford 1275–1282. Sadly, at some time in the past, the area around Paris on the map has been badly scratched.

巴黎

凭借着众多楼塔和（哥特式）尖顶，巴黎成为欧洲建筑规模最为宏大的城市。其重要意义或许能被解释为在中世纪大学学习哲学和神学的重要性 。许多中世纪的神学家以及宗教领袖于巴黎工作及学习过，其中就包括1275年至1282年的赫里福德主教圣托马斯坎蒂卢普。可惜的是，曾经在地图的此处一带被严重刮损过。

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