赫里福德世界地图（Mappa Mundi）介绍(2)

Camp of Alexander the Great

This splendid edifice is labelled ‘Camp of Alexander the Great’. In the Middle Ages, legends abounded about the strange adventures and heroic deeds of Alexander the Great. His conquest of the Persian Empire and domination of the known world was a popular tale. The map has a number of references to his story. As well as this camp, of particular note is the restraining wall Alexander is reputed to have built to save the world from the destructive evil of the Sons of Cain.

亚历山大大帝的兵营

地图中这个豪华大厦的旁边标注有“亚历山大大帝之兵营”。在中世纪世界地图耶路撒冷国，传说有大量的关于亚历山大大帝奇异的冒险和丰功伟绩。他对波斯帝国的征服以及对已知世纪的统治是一则很流行的故事。地图中有许多涉及其故事的参考文献。除了这个兵营之外，还特地的记录到管制城墙。亚历山大被认为正是他建造了此墙才将世界从破坏恶魔即该隐之子中拯救出来。

各地兽类

Camel

The map’s camel is a bactrian, with two humps. He stands to the south of the Memarnau mountains, East of the Amu Darya river, and seems to be very pleased with himself! The text on the map reads: ‘Bactria has extremely strong camels that never wear out their feet’. Medieval books of beasts (bestiaries) often included an illustration of a camel and a description of its habits, saying things like: ‘they hate horses and only drink muddy water’ or‘they can live for a hundred years’.

骆驼

地图上的骆驼是一种亚洲双峰骆驼，它站立于莫马瑙山脉（？）的南边以及阿姆河的东边。它看上去似乎很自满。图注部分说道“巴克特里亚王国（大夏）有极为强壮的骆驼，其双足永不觉疲乏”。中世纪关于兽类的书籍（中世纪动物寓言集）时常包含对骆驼的说明并描述了其习性，就好比叙述过“他们不喜欢马且只引浑水”或者“他们能活上一百年”之类的话。

Lynx

On our map, the lynx prowls along the southern coast of the Black Sea looking backwards over its shoulder. Like many medieval illustrations of lynxes, it urinates a precious stone. On the map, the stone is reported to be black, but some medieval books of beasts (bestiaries) say that this stone is ‘flame coloured and similar to a carbuncle’. When the map was made, as now, lynxes were understood to have very keen eyesight. The map says: ‘The Lynx sees through walls and urinates a black stone.’

猞猁

猞猁在地图中潜行于黑海南部的沿岸，其头越过肩膀向后望。如同中世纪对猞猁的一些说明（传说）一样，其能尿出一块宝石。在此图中这块石头呈现为黑色，但是中世纪一些关于兽类的书籍（中世纪动物寓言集）则言此石头“有火焰般的颜色且与红榴石相似”。但此图制成后，有一点和人们今日对猞猁的理解是一致的，那就是它拥有十分敏锐的视力。图上注释道“猞猁可以看穿墙体并且尿出一块黑色石头。”

Elephant

Like many other elephants in medieval illustrations, this one has a tower. Medieval books of beasts (bestiaries) describe how Indian and Persian soldiers constructed wooden towers on the backs of elephants to use as fighting platforms. The map’s elephant is drawn with long tusks, but the text on the map seems to confuse tusks and teeth, saying that the elephant’s ‘teeth are believed to be ivory’. Some bestiaries claim that elephants can live for 300 years and are afraid of mice.

大象

如同中世纪时其他（书籍）对大象的描述一样，图中的这只大象背负着一个“塔”（象鞍）。中世纪动物寓言集描述过印度和波斯士兵是如何用木头建造象鞍并放于大象的背部以制作战平台。地图中的象牙被绘制很长，但是图注中似乎混淆了象牙和牙齿，其对此象述道“牙齿即被认为是象牙”。一些中世纪动物寓言集声称大象能活300年并且惧怕老鼠。

Unicorn

In medieval books of beasts (bestiaries), the unicorn is often described as a small but fierce creature that can fight elephants. Despite this ferocity, though, bestiaries tell how the unicorn could be overcome by an innocent maiden, who could calm his wildness so that he laid his head in her lap and became harmless. Some bestiaries link the unicorn to Christ. On our map the unicorn is called a monoceros.

独角兽

在中世纪动物寓言集中，独角兽时常被说成是一个小但是能与大象战斗的凶猛动物。尽管如此，但是中世纪动物寓言集告诉我们独角兽是如何被一位能够使其野蛮得以平静以至于将其将头被安抚于她的膝上，并且变得无攻击性的纯洁少女所克制。一些寓言集还将独角兽和基督联系起来。在地图中此独角兽被称之为“monoceros”（汉译为“麒麟”，但是unicorn和 monoceros在西方同指独角兽，并且西方所知的独角兽与汉人的不同）。

各地怪人

Blemmyes

In the Middle Ages there were many travellers’ tales telling of Blemmyes. The Blemmyes were reported to be a war-like race with no head, but with their facial features in their chest. Alexander the Great was thought to have encountered Blemmyes in his campaigns, and they are even mentioned in Shakespeare’s Othello. One medieval writer says they are ‘like lawyers, who speak through their bellies’! On our map, a Blemmye holding a spear and a shield is located in Africa.

无首人（类似《山海经》中的战神“刑天”）

中世纪时有许多旅行家的故事叙述到过无首人。无首人被说成一类没有头的好战民族，然而其面貌却位于胸部。亚历山大大帝被认为在其战役中与无首人有过冲突，而且他们甚至被莎士比亚著作《奥赛罗》中提及。中世纪有个作家叙述道“他们犹如通过肚子说话的律师(?)！”。在此地图中的一个无首人（绘）在非洲，其一手持矛，一手拿盾。

[《山海经•海外西经》云“刑天与帝争神,帝断其首,葬之常羊之山.乃以乳为目,以脐为口,操干戚以舞。”]

Sciapods

In the Middle Ages, stories circulated about Sciapods or Monoculi. Sciapods were reported to be a race of people with one very large foot that they used to shield themselves from the sun. Stories also told how these strange people moved extremely quickly on their one leg. On our map there are two Sciapods, one in India, and another on the extreme southern edge of the inhabited world.

独腿人(类似《山海经》中的“柔利国”)

在中世纪的故事中广泛的流传着独腿人或独眼人（类似《山海经》“一目国”）。独腿人被说成是一类拥有一只十分大的脚且用于保护自己防止被太阳照射的族人。故事同样也告诉我们这些怪人是如何能够利用一只腿极快的移动。在地图中绘制有两个独腿人，一个在印度，一个在世界（有人居住区域）南部边缘上。

[《山海经•海外北经》云“柔利国在一目东，为人一手一足，反膝，曲足居上。一云：留利之国，人足反折。”]

Troglodites

Troglodites, or cave-dwellers, often featured in medieval illustrations. On the map, four Troglodites are drawn in Africa. Three of them are illustrated inside caves (one is eating a snake), while the fourth, a bearded man, appears to be wearing only a helmet. He rides a goat-like beast. The text on the map says that Troglodites are ‘very swift; they live in caves, eat snakes and catch wild animals by jumping on them.’