化学工程与工艺专业英语教案.doc(3)

Constituents of PetroleumPara.1No one constituent exists in large quantity in any crude.翻译：没有一种组分在原油中大量存在。Para.3These branched chain materials perform better in internal-combustion engines than n-paraffins and hence are considered more desirable.翻译：这些支链物在内燃发动机里的使用性能比直链的好，因此认为它们更理想。P80Lesser ComponentsPara.2With the general adoption of catalytic cracking and finishing processes, it was discovered that the occurrence of metals present only in traces (Fe,Mo,Na,Ni,V,etc.) was troublesome as they are strong catalyst poisons. 翻译：随着普遍接受了催化裂化和后处理工艺，发现金属只是痕量存在也很麻烦，因为它们是很强的使催化剂中毒的物质。

第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）2. Products of RefiningPara.6Dealkylation of a selected reformate stream using chromate-aluminum carbide catalyst gives a product which is purified to be purer than that formed form coal tar.翻译：用铬酸铝碳化催化剂的选择性重整产品的烷基化产生的产品经提纯后的纯度比用煤焦油的高。Reading Material 8:Coal-Conversion ProcessesP86Line 4The nature of the organic species present depends on the degree of biochemical change of the original plant material, on the historic pressures and temperatures after the initial biochemical degradation, and on the finely divided mineral matter deposited either at the same time as the plant material or later.翻译：存在的有机样的性质和最初植物的生物化学变化程度有关，和初始生化降解后那个历史时期的压力和温度有关，和很细的沉积矿物质有关（它们同时或在其后沉积）。

3、液体性质，包括液体介质名称，物理性质，化学性质和其它性质，物理性质有温度c、密度d、粘度u，介质中固体颗粒直径和气体的含量等，这涉及到系统的扬程，有效气蚀余量计算和合适泵的类型：化学性质，主要指液体介质的化学腐蚀性和毒性，是选用泵材料和选用那一种轴封型式的重要依据。 名称：氰化物，钾氰化物，钠氰化物、氢氰化物 毒性：6级 性质：除氢氰化物为液体，其它为白色固体，带有刺鼻的杏仁味道。如：硫酸铜溶液是蓝色的、氯化铁溶液是棕黄色的、其它常见的物质只要不含cu2+和fe3+的化合物的水溶液一般都是无色的，大理石是块状固体、氢氧化钠是片状固体、氢氧化钙是粉末状固体，氢气和氧气是气体、酒精有是液体。

并且煤大分子中富碳少氢,催化气化技术可将 氢富集到焦油和煤气中,得到富碳的半焦产品,同时也使煤中氢的潜在优势获得充分利 用。立方烷的二氯取代产物有______种（4）某烃类化合物 a 的质谱图表明其相对分子质量为 84，红外光谱表明分子中含有碳碳双键，核磁共振氢谱表明分子中只有一种类型的氢。成煤时代最晚煤化程度最低的泥炭发热量最低，一般为 20.9 ～ 25.1mj/kg ，成煤早于泥炭的褐煤发热量增高到 25 ～ 31mj/kg ，烟煤发热 量继续增高，到焦煤和瘦煤时，碳含量虽然增加了，但由于挥发分的减少，特别是其中氢含量比烟煤低的多，有的低于 1% ，相当于烟煤的 1/6 ，所以发热量最高 的煤还是烟煤中的某些煤种。

P89Para.1Line 1in situ: 就地，原地，现场Para.2Line 5calorific value: 热值Para.4Line 4第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Because many coal seams are also aquifers there is a considerable amount of water intrusion, which leads to steam generation at the expense of the reaction energy.翻译：因许多煤层有水层，所以有许多水侵入，会导致蒸汽的产生要以（损失）反应能为代价。Line 5As a result the rate of air or oxygen passage through the injection wells and seam is adjusted to maintain a low level of moisture in the product gas.翻译：因此通过调节注入井和矿层中空气或氧气的速度来保持生产出的气体水含量较低。

论文正文须写明研究目的、研究方法、研究结果、研究结论与建议，无须摘要及关键词。摘要是对科技论文的高度概括，其本身具有的独立性使其与正文各自独立成文，但其内容则是以正文中重要的研究背景、条件、结果及结论等主要信息为基础，“摘”其“要”处独立成文，其撰写的主要内容包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论.对于没有结论的科技论文，其摘要中的结论就无从谈起，因此说不能用摘要中的“结论”替代正文中的“结论。2、结构：按照《毕业论文写作》要求化学工程与工艺专业英语 教案，要结构完整，包括题目，摘要、关键词、前言(论证选题意义、目的、范围，简述前人研究情况和自己论文研究重点)、正文，结论、引文注释(脚注)、参考文献(10篇以上)。

3力求简练，避免重复标题内容。4避免用笼统写法，如：several, some.5时态多用一般现代时，一般过去时，现在完成时；常用被动语态，很少用第一、二人称作主语。6信息应具体。如:Azo dyes are prepared by the coupling of diazonium salts.（偶氮染料是用重氮盐的偶联方法制备的），不如写成： Azo dyes are prepared when a phenol or amine is treated with a diazonium salt solution. （制备偶氮染料是当苯酚或芳基胺与一种重氮盐溶液相处理而成的）五 常用句型：起首句的表达：（1）主语（一般是说明文件性质的名词）+谓语动词（主动态）+宾语第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）或其它成分主语名词有：article paper report scheme thesis design invention study review work publication document 谓语动词有：analyze attempt concentrate (on) concern derive determine discuss investigate demonstrate describe develop illustrate introduce deal with句子的重点在宾语部分，并可通过多种修饰成分引出摘要的主要内容。

(1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.。到80年代早期，ibm的g. j. chaitin公开了他们的图染色寄存器分配算法之后，编译器的分配能力获得长足进步，形成了现在这样的编译器主导的寄存器分配格局，这个寄存器分配算法是ibm内部进行的一个risc早期试验项目的一部分，但是我并没有看到有公开资料表明他们当时已经意识到risc的寄存器数目将带来的性能暗示，而在图着色算法走向公开、成熟之前，risc的理念就已经定型了，所以我也不认为risc构建过程中有非常注重寄存器数目的考量，寄存器数目只是risc发展中一个有意无意的副产品。（1）摘要应写成报道式摘要，按照摘要四要素（目的、方法、结果、结论）来撰写，直接切入主题（不要论及论文研究的基础和背景知识，不要进行自我评价），且中文摘要字数要达到200~300字。

用它时应在通风很好的地方。毒性较低的溶剂如：四氯乙烯也同样有效，然而假如用四氯乙烯，要取得最好的结果应增加癸二酰氯的量到3.0 ml.第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Note 2: Rubber gloves should be worn while performing this experiment. Should skin contact occur with any of the reactants, the contaminated area should be immediately and thoroughly flushed with water.翻译：实验时应带橡胶手套。加入皮肤接触到任何反应物，污染的地方应马上彻底地用水冲洗。Note 3: Any unused polymerization mixture should not be poured into the sink but should de stirred until no further polymer forms. The polymer mass and solvents should be discarded with other laboratory waster chemicals.翻译：任何没用掉地聚合物不应倒到水槽中而应搅拌至不再有聚合物生成为止。

聚合物和溶剂和实验室其它废弃物丢弃在一起。Experimental反应物1：sebacoyl chloride 溶剂：carbon tetrachloride反应物2：hexamethyleneadipamide 溶剂：sodium hydroxide and water反应后处理：Wash the polymer thoroughly with water and finally with a 50% acetone solution. Allow the washed polymer to air dry.第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）High Molecular Compounds (Ⅱ)Ⅱ. ADDITION POLYMERSIntroductionAddition polymerization usually must be catalyzed by a base, by an acid, or by free radicals. Three stages are involved in all addition polymerization reactions, no matter what the catalyst: these are initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step, the catalyst molecules attack the monomers to give intermediates which, during the propagation stage, are capable of attacking other molecules of monomer with lengthening of the chain. In the termination step, chain growth is stopped by elimination of a group from the reacting end of the chain or by addition of a group to the end of the chain to form a molecule which is no longer a chain carrier.Initiation:Propagation:Termination:Free radical-initiated polymerizations follow a similar course but with radical, rather than ionic, intermediates. If two or more monomers undergo addition polymerization together, the process is called copolymerization, and the product is a copolymer. Should one of the monomers (even though present in only minor amounts) from which a copolymer is formed contain tow or more groups capable of undergoing addition polymerization on the copolymer will be insoluble as a result of cross-linking.Preparation of Polystyrene(1) Polymerization of Styrene with Benzoyl Peroxide. To a large test tube add 20ml of toluene and 5ml of styrene. Then add 0.3g of benzoyl peroxide and place the test tube in a beaker of water, which is maintained at a temperature of 90oC-95oC. After 60 minutes, remove the test tube, allow the contents to cool for 5 minutes, and note the viscosity of the solution. Pour the solution into 200ml of methyl alcohol contained in a 400-ml beaker. Collect the white precipitate of polystyrene by filtration, using a Buchner funnel, and wash the precipitate on the funnel with 50ml of methyl alcohol. Remove the precipitate form the funnel and spread it out to dry on a large, clean sheet of filter paper.第 页教 学 内 容 （讲稿）备注（包括：教学手段、时间分配、临时更改等）Place 3ml of acetone in a clean test tube, add 0.2g of the dried polymer, and stir the mixture for several minutes. Is the polymer soluble? Use this same procedure to detrmine the solubility of polystyrene in water, ethyl alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloeride, and petroleum ether (Note 4). Place approximately 0.1g of the polymer on a metal spatula or spoon and warm it gently over a flame until the polymer melts. To the molten polymer touch a glass stirring rod or a matchstick and pull away gently to draw out a fiber. How would you describe the properties of the fiber as to brittleness, color, and strength? Compare the properties of this polystyrene fiber with those of the Nylon fiber. Allow the molten polymer on the spatula to cool. Describe the appearance of the cooled polymer. Scrape this material from the spatula, place it in a test tube, and determine its solubility in acetone. Did melting change the solubility of the polystyrene?(2)Polymerization of Styrene with Aluminum Chloride. To 5ml of styrene contained in a 150-ml beaker add carefully, in small portions, 0.3g of anhydrous aluminum chloride. The reaction is extremely vigorous (Note 5), the temperature rises rapidly, and the styrene becomes brown black in color. Allow this mixture to stand for 15 minutes. Describe the properties of the product. Add 50ml of methyl alcohol, stir the mixture, and heat it to boiling for several minutes with stirring. Cool the mixture to room temperature, decant the alcohol, and compare the properties of the polymer with those of the product of Part 1.Dissolve the remainder of the polymer in 25ml of benzene, add the solution to 100ml of methyl alcohol, and allow the precipitated polymer to settle. Decant the alcohol and air-dry the polymer. Have the polymer properties changed? Compare the polymer formed in Part 1 with that formed with aluminum chloride as catalyst.Note 4: Because of their high molecule weight, polymers may go into solution more slowly than organic molecules of low molecular weight. In determining polymer solubility, allow the solvent and solid polymer to remain in contact for at least 15 minutes before estimating the solubility. Warming of the polymer solvent mixture on a steam bath will speed solution.翻译：因为分子量大，聚合物溶解比低分子的有机分子慢。