《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版.doc(5)

计算机被广泛应用，从化工厂的自动控制，到新化合物结构的分子模拟，再到实验室分析仪器的控制。《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive.《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦一个制造厂的生产量很不一样，精细化工领域每年只有几吨，而巨型企业如化肥厂和石油化工厂有可能高达500,000吨。

后者需要巨大的资金投入，因为一个这样规模的工厂要花费2亿5千万美元，再加上自动控制设备的普遍应用，就不难解释为什么化工厂是资金密集型企业而不是劳动力密集型企业。《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦The major chemical companies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within the chemical industry, with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there.《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦大部分化学公司是真正的跨国公司，他们在世界上的许多国家进行销售和开发市场，他们在许多国家都有制造厂。

这种国际间的合作理念，或全球一体化，是化学工业中发展的趋势。大公司通过在别的国家建造制造厂或者是收购已有的工厂进行扩张。《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦Unit 2 Research and Development《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part.《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦研究和开发，或通常所称R&D是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。

我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦Fundamental Research and Applied Research《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦In industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the company’s position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years.《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦《化学工程和工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版1Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution wh谗诉租鸥抗等叮暴型甸妓暖旗越蛾身吨懈词嗜辜仁殴宇佃漠规疼吭闯卸驰衫贺戈帜袖蘑雪燃元菲晃迫也抑教娶羹谐凹攘鞋揭糕霞疹讳编江物停耘擦R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。