阅读经典加试：两河流域苏美文明与埃及文明之比较

本次申遗的“土司遗址”包括湖南永顺老司城遗址、湖北恩施唐崖土司城址、贵州遵义海龙屯，三处遗址均是土司制度鼎盛时期的遗存，位于土司地区与中央政权主体地区地理和文化最前沿的交汇地带，属典型的多族群文化复合区域，是中国土司遗产中的代表。匠心体现1、积极打造民俗文化消费市场、文化村落、文化企业2、开办“文玩红木大集”，计划筹办“文玩夜市”3、融合民族文化与红木家具、老家具、老石刻经营2016年，对于家和家美而言，是调整、变革、创新的一年，在过去的半年时间里，家和家美在传承民族文化的基础上，调整定位、提升环境、培育特色市场，积极打造民俗文化消费的金名片。特别是，我国政府提出共建地跨欧亚的“丝绸之路经济带”战略构想，给丝绸之路遗产保护和利用带来了新的历史机遇，我们将紧紧抓住这一机遇，切实加强遗产保护工作，扩大丝路遗产宣传，结合文化旅游、公共文化设施建设等科学开展遗产利用，壮大相关文化产业发展，充分发挥丝路遗产的资源优势，通过丝绸之路这条文化纽带，加强丝路经济带区域之间的文化交流合作，把河南的优秀历史文化和现代发展成果推向全国，推向世界，助推河南更好地融入“丝绸之路经济带”建设。

在人类和人类文明史上，不论什么时间也不论什么地域，构成文明的要素都必须包括物质文明、人本文明、制度文明、精神文明和环境文明五个方面。国家文物局文物专家徐光冀认为，这些文物对研究黄河文明与长江文明过渡区域的古文化地域特点，探究楚文化渊源及发展，具有重要学术价值。然而，如果听任缺乏文明诚意的网络行为处处“到此一游”，这于国于民于社会的损害，哪怕就是一个文明社会的“丢人”程度，和在埃及文物上刻画“到此一游”相比，显然有过之而无不及。

科学家惊奇的发现，两种文明可以在同一时间产生。在埃及文化产生时，美索不达米亚文化也同时应运而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的独立所致。美索不达米亚两河流域，地理环境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一个城邦一个城邦的，美索不达米亚文化不像埃及文化一样，美索不达米亚文化没有留下很多遗产。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活安逸，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。但是挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字两河文明和埃及文明，考古学家只能从挖掘出来的文物中研究其历史。后来讲苏美尔人在两河地区建立的文明的特点，特别是他们城邦的宗教神祗制度，影响了他们的经济制度(献纳)。大题目是分类题，比较埃及文明和苏美尔文明 。

Sumerian Civilization

It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers.” And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.

8. the word “erected” in the passage is closest in meaning to。8. the word “extensive” in the passage is closest in meaning to。3. the word “undoubtedly” in the passage is closest in meaning to。

(A) important

(B) unknown

(C) amazing

(D) interesting

2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule. 发源于美索不达米亚的伟大文明，在paranonic统治之下的“两河之间的土地”

(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.

(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.

(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.

3.The phrase its substance refers to

不过: a political history (1901，法国大革命的史学研究，它最后一位伟大的斗士阿尔贝 索布尔（albert soboul）称之为“经典”解释。美索吉他全称：mesopotamia美索不达米亚吉他，美索乐器旗下品牌，以生产中高端吉他为主 ，精工制作，国内高端吉他领军品牌。公元前2800年美索布达米亚(mesopotamia)文明时代制造的，也就是人类刚刚开始发明轮子的年代。

(B) divine kingship

(C) Egypt

(D) the sudden collapse of military power

4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) unclear

(B) unique

(C) controversial

(D) important

5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to作者提到 也不分享埃及人关于从今以后的担忧 为了……

(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.为相对少的关于古代苏美尔社会物理遗迹提供一个解释。

(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.

(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.

(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.

6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur 城(乌尔城)位于

(A) Egypt

(B) Persia

(C) northern Mesopotamia

(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates底格里斯河和幼发拉底河的附近

7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) random

(B) very large

(C) surprising

(D) relatively small

8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT: 根据2、3、段美索不达米亚影响苏美尔文明，除了哪方面(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.

(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.

(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.

文化和艺术传统的一致性 得不到

(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures

9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 尽管这些成就，学者们对于苏美尔人的生活知道的更少，比起他们爱好什么而言。

Where would the sentence best fit?