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KeystoUnitOneLangstonHughes:EarlyAutumnTeachingobjectives:TolearntheelementsoffictionshortstoryTextforReadingInterpretationandDiscussionDifficulties:TofindthemeaningunderthesurfaceofthewordsTowriteashortstoryafterreadingTime:periodsTeachingprocedures:theIntroductionofthetextbookaswellastheteachingaimstheelementsoffictionshortstoryFiction:thewordfictionisarathergeneraltermthatcanbedefinedasnarrativetoldinproseTherefore,fictionreferstodifferenttypesofwritingsuchasfolktale,myth,legend,etc,butitismostoftenassociatedwiththenovelandtheshortstoryShortstory:theshortstoryisnecessarilylimitedinlengthandscopeKeywordsofshortstory:asingleincidentasinglecharacterorafewcharacterscompactcreativeandimaginativeExercisesandanalysis:)OpinionsofUnderstanding:()WhatwasprobablyuntrueofMaryAShemissedthedaysofthepastBShestilllovedBillCSheworkedtokeepafamilyofthreechildrenDShewassatisfiedwithherlifeandjobinNewYork()WhichofthefollowingadjecantedtoinformtheIrishladsabouthispersonallifeCHisdreamofanormalfamilylifesomehowexpresseditselfDHethoughttheIrishmightlethimgoafterhearinghispastmisfortunes()WhichofthefollowingconflictsisNOTimpliedasthethemeoftheshortstoryATheconflictbetweenfriendshipandwarrealityBTheconflictbetweenforgivenessandhatredCTheconflictbetweencommonsenseandwarlogicDTheconflictbetweensenseofguiltandsenseofduty()Accordingtoyourunderstanding,whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestsuitsthecharacterDonovanAHiswasacoldbloodedkillerBHewasatrainedandhardenedmilitaryofficerCHewasanunthinkingandunsympatheticservantofwarDHewasalsoavictimofwar)QuestionsforDiscussion:(Suggestedanswersforreference)()Whydoyouthinktheauthorchose“GuestsoftheNation”asthetitleoftheshortstory(Obviously,“guests”inthetitlereferstothetwoEnglishprisoners,and“thenation”referstoIrelandUnconsciously,theIrishguardsreferredtothemas“ourguests”ratherthan“enemysoldiers”Thefourofthemcouldplaycardstogether,orargueonsometopicsandgenerallyenjoyedthetimetheyspenttogetherIt’sironicthatthe“guests”werefinallyshotfordoingnothingwrongontheirpart)()WhatwerethereasonsforkillingHawkinsandBelcherWeretheygoodreasonsTheanswercanbebothyesandnoPleasesupportyourargumentMostofthe“reasons”justifyingthekillingofHawkinsandBelcheraregivenbythepettyofficeDonovan:"Theenemyhaveprisonersbelongingtous"'hesays,"andnowthey'retalkingofshootingthemIftheyshootourprisoners,we'llshoottheirs"(lines)"TherewerefourofourfellowsshotinCorkthismorningandnowyou'retobeshotasareprisal"(lines)"IneversaidIhadanythingagainstyouButwhydidyourpeopletakeoutfourofourprisonersandshootthemincoldblood"(lines)"…becauseyou'dknowyou'dbeshotfornotdoingit"(line)"Youunderstandthatwe'reonlydoingourduty"(line)Onetheonehand,thesearegoodreasonsbecausethewardemandssuchactions:soldiersshouldobeyorders,tofulfilltheirduty,ortheywouldbeshotfordisobeyingordersviolenceshouldberepaidbyviolenceasareprisalButontheotherhand,thewarlogicisagainstthecommonsenseandagainsthumannature–whenpeoplecouldenjoybeingtogether,whyshouldtheykilleachother()HowdoyouunderstandJDonovan(Onthesurface,heseemedcoldblooded,andpersonallyexecutedthetwoEnglishmen,butifwereadverycarefulbetweenthelines,wewouldfindthathe,asapettyoffice,hadtodosomethingunpleasantinhispositionHewasalsoavictim,andhadtosuppresshisowntruefeelingsbeforehissubordinatesHeactuallyhadsympathywiththecapturedsoldiers,butwasnotunderstoodbyhismenWeshouldnoticethatthenarratoris,tosomedegree,anaïvenarrator)()WhatcharacteristicsofrealismcanwefindintheshortstoryItisthedetailsthatmakeupthemostoftheshortstoryThelanguageusediscommonspeechofcommonsoldiersTheauthortriestobefaithfultothereallifeasheunderstandsitThefivemaincharactersare“smallpotatoes,”victimsoftheforcesthattheyhavenocontrolofThereisasharpcriticismoftheabsurdityofthewar)Explanationandinterpretation:(Explaintheimpliedmeaningofthefollowingsentences,andpointouttheirsignificanceinthecontextofthestory)()Itwasn'tthehangingroundthatwasatroubletomeatallbythistimeIhadworsethingstoworryabout(“Worsethings”refertothetwoIrishguards’sincereconcernanddeepworryabouttheillfatethatmightbefallthetwoEnglishprisonersofwar)()Irosefromthetableandcaughthimbeforehereachedthedoor"Whatdoyouwant"Iasked(Hearingthefootsteps,thenarratorquicklywenttothedoortostopDonovanfromcominginHeknewtheofficermightbebearingthebadnews,andblockedtheentranceUnconsciously,hestoodonthesideoftheEnglish,andactedasifheweretheirprotector)()…shedidn'tstopadvisingthemuntilJeremiahDonovanlosthistemperandturnedonherHehadanastytemper,Inoticed(DonovanhadabadtemperthatdayWhyThebadtempermightbecausedbythenastyjobaheadofexecutingthetwoEnglishyoungstersThisprobablyhadverymuchsaddenedhim)()Belchersoundedasthoughwhateverunforeseenthinghe'dalwaysbeenwaitingforhadcomeatlast(Belcherwasapersonwithfewwords,buthewasobservingandthinkingallthetimeHeseemedtoknowandanticipatethatsomethingbadmighthappentothem)()Noble,justasifhecouldn'tbearanymoreofit,raisedhisfistatDonovan,andinaflashDonovanraisedhisgunandfired(RaisinghisfistisasignalTheunspokenwordsmightsoundlikethis:“Whydon’tyoushoot!”NoblenoticedthatDonovanwassufferingfromintensementalpainbytalkingandtalking,andhewantedDonovantoendthatpainimmediately)()"Whatdidyedowiththem"sheaskedinawhisper,andNoblestartedsothatthematchwentoutinhishand(Theoldladyhadonlywhisperedthequestion,butitsofrightenednoblethatthematchwentoutinhishandNoblemusthavehadaterriblesenseofguiltandfeltasifhehimselfhadkilledhis“guests”andhaddonesomethingenormouslywrong)UnitTenJackLondon:TheLawofLife)OpinionsofUnderstanding:()OldKoskoosh’sson,thetribechief,cametosaygoodbye,andbrieflyexplainedthesituationthetribewasfacingHementionedsomefactorsthatforcedhimtoabandonthesicklyoldmanWhichfactorwasNOTmentionedAThetribesmenhadtotravellongandfastBThetribesmenhadtostarthuntingformeatimmediatelyCSometribesmenshowedunwillingnesstotaketheoldmanDTheloadsonthedogsledswerealreadyheavy()Inhisrecollectionsofthepast,oldKoskooshrecalledtheepisodeofamoosebeinghuntedbywolvesWhatdoyouthinkisthereasonthatthisepisodewasrecalledABecauseitwasthemostexcitingexperienceinhisyouthBBecauseitwasareflectionofhispresentsituationCBecauseitwassymbolicallyavitalstepintoadulthoodDBecauseitwasanexampleofcollectivestrength()WhichofthefollowingaboutoldKoskooshistrueAHenevershowedanypanicBHehopedhissonwouldcomebacktogethimCThoughold,hewassharpinallsensesoflifeDHequestionedthefairnessofthelawofnature()Finally,oldKoskooshsaidtohimself,“Wasitnotthelawoflife”WhatdothesewordsrevealtousAHebelievedthatlifehadacycleBHefinallyrealizedwhatdeathmeantCHefailedtounderstandhisson’sdecisionDHewaspreparedtoacceptthefate()WemayclassifythisshortstoryasbelongingtotheschoolofliteraryNaturalismAllthefollowingargumentssupporttheclassificationexceptoneWhichisitABecausethewriterportrayshumanbeingsasvictimsofsomelargerforcesBBecausethewritermakesnomoraljudgmentonthebehaviorsofthecharactersCBecausethewriterplacesthestoryinaremotelandandtellsanexotictaleDBecausethewriteremphasizesthedominationoftheenvironment)QuestionsforDiscussion:(Suggestedanswersforreference)()WhatdoyouthinkoftheIndiantraditionofabandoningtheirsicklyeldersWasitthewriter’sintentiontorevealandcondemntheinhumaneandinhumanpractice(Fromourperspective,suchpracticeisofcoursecruelandinhuman,butthewriter’scentralconcernistoprovideanillustrationandtoexplainoneidea:thathumanbeingsare“determined”by“thelawofnature”–thelargerforcesoftheuniverseaswellastheirownbiologicalnatureTheideaexpressedintheshortstoryistypicalinnaturalisticliterature)()Whathasthesettingtodowiththethemeoftheshortstory(Naturalistwritershavespecialpreferencetocertainsettingsthatcanprovide“laboratoryconditions,”sothatthestoriescanconveytheirunderstandingoftherelationshipofmanandthenaturalorsocialforcesThearcticregionwithinwhichthestoryof“TheLawofLife”occurs,intensifiesthehumanstrugglewiththeNature,andthusisidealinbringingoutthebasicconceptionofNaturalisminliterature)()Whatis“thelawoflife”Canyouunderlinesomeofthewordsinthestorythatexplainwhatthe“law”isTheideasabout“thelawoflife”ismostlyexpressedinthereflectionofOldKoskoosh:HedidnotcomplainItwasthewayoflife,anditwasjustHehadbeenbornclosetotheearth,closetotheearthhadhelived,andthelawthereofwasnotnewtohimItwasthelawofallfleshNaturewasnotkindlytothefleshShehadnoconcernforthatconcretethingcalledtheindividualHerinterestlayinthespecies,therace(lines)Theriseofthesap,theburstinggreennessofthewillowbud,thefalloftheyellowleafinthisalonewastoldthewholehistoryButonetaskdidnaturesettheindividualDidhenotperformit,hediedDidheperformit,itwasallthesame,hediedNaturedidnotcare…(lines)Thereforeitwastruethatthetribelived,thatitstoodfortheobedienceofallitsmembers,waydownintotheforgottenpast,whoseveryrestingplaceswereunrememberedTheydidnotcounttheywereepisodesTheyhadpassedawaylikecloudsfromasummerskyHealsowasanepisode,andwouldpassaway(lines)NaturedidnotcareTolifeshesetonetask,gaveonelawToperpetuatewasthetaskoflife,itslawwasdeath(lines)(Determinedtogiveuphisclingtolife)KoskooshdroppedhisheadwearilyuponhiskneesWhatdiditmatterafterallWasitnotthelawoflife()()OnwhatbasiscanwecategorizethisshortstoryasapieceofNaturalisticwritingThesettinghighlightstheconflictbetweenmanandNatureThenaturalforceseemstobeoverwhelmingwhilethehumaneffortsareratherfutileMancanonlyadapttoNatureratherthanchangeitThestoryrevealsthepessimisticattitudeonthepartofthewriterThereisaprevailingsenseofdeterminismandamoralism)Explanationandinterpretation:(Explaintheimpliedmeaningofthefollowingsentences,andpointouttheirsignificanceinthecontextofthestory)()Helistened,whowouldlistennomore(OldKoskooshknewwhatwasgoingtohappenWhilehewasstillaliveandlistening,hewouldsoondieand“listennomore”)()ThenhishandcreptoutinhastetothewoodItalonestoodbetwixthimandtheeternitywhichyawneduponhim(Theword“eternity”heremeansdeathTheoldman’slifedefendedonthissmallpileofwoodthatcouldsupplywarmthandkeepthewolvesawayWhenthewoodburntout,Death,withitsmouthopen,wouldquicklyswallowhim)()NaturewasnotkindlytothefleshShehadnoconcernforthatconcretethingcalledtheindividualHerinterestlayinthespecies,therace(AccordingtoDarwin’stheoryofsurvivalofthefittest,thelivingbeingshaveadaptedtotheenvironmentinthelonghistoryofevolutionInthatlongprocess,accordingtothenaturallaw,onlythesurvivalofthegroup,ofthespecies,hassignificanceNaturedoesnotcareforindividualsurvivalOnlythegroupthatfitstheenvironmenthasachangetocontinue)()ForawhilehelistenedtothesilencePerhapstheheartofhissonmightsoften…(Theoldman’sreflectionrevealsthathe,alikeanyindividual,wishedtobegivenachancetoliveEventhoughheunderstoodthelawofnatureandhadabraveheartinfacingdeath,hestillhadanaturalandhumanlyyearningforlife)KeystoUnitElevenJamesThurber:TheSecretLifeofWalterMitty)OpinionsofUnderstanding:()WhichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribesWalterMitty’sreallifeAColorfulBUneventfulCNobleDExciting()WhichofthefollowingisanunsuitableadjectivetodescribeWalterMitty’swifeAFussyBBossyCConsiderateDUnsympathetic()Whatsortof“secretlife”ofWalterMittydoesthe“hospitaloperationroom”episoderevealtousAHedesiresforalifeofromanceandexcitementBHewishestomakegloriouscontributionstothenationCHeyearnstobeanimportantandrespectedpersonDHewouldratherbeaheroicvictimthananobody()Whatsortof“thesecretlife”ofWalterMittydothe“courtroomtrial”andthe“executionbyafiringsquad”episodesrevealtousAHedesiresforalifeofromanceandexcitementBHewishestomakegloriouscontributionstothenationCHeyearnstobeanimportantandrespectedmanDHewouldratherbeaheroicvictimthannobody()Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothecharacterheportraysACriticalBMockingCSympatheticDScornful)Questionsfordiscussion:(Suggestedanswersforreference)()HowarerealityandfantasyassociatedinthisstoryGiveexamples(Usuallyitisinthisway:somethinginthereallife,forexample,doing,seeingorhearingsomething,wouldtriggersoffsomefantasyDrivingacarleadingtothefantasyofpilotingahydroplaneputtingonglovesandhearingthenameofDrRenshawleadingtotheoperationepisodehearinganewspaperboyshoutingsomethingaboutthetrialleadingtothecourtroomepisodesittinginthelobbyandreadingnewsaboutSecondWorldWarleadingtothebomberpilotepisodeandstandingagainstthewallofadrugstoreleadingtotheepisodeoffacingafiringsquad)()DoesMittyappeartobeacomic,grotesque,andridiculousperson(Itisnottheauthor’sintentiontoshowtheridiculoussideofMitty’slifeThroughcreationofsuchacharacter,thewriterintendstorevealtheunfortunatelifeofsomecitydwellersTheirlives,likethatofMitty’s,aresuffocatedbythemonotonyandtrivialityofthemodernmiddleclasslifeThedaydreamsseemtobetheonlyescapefromthemeaninglessrepetitionofthedaytodayexistence)()FindoutwhatisincommoninthefivepiecesofMitty’sdaydream:thehydroplane,themedicaloperation,thetrial,thebomberandtheexecutionWhatdothesefantasiesrevealtoyouaboutWalterMitty(Thesepiecesofdaydreamshaveonethingincommoninwhichlifeismoreadventurous,moreheroicormoreexcitingthantheactualexistence,andinwhichheisabrave,respectedorevenatragiccentralfigure,ratherthananobodydominatedbyanbossywife)()HowdoyouliketheendingofthestoryWhatisyourinterpretation(Thereisatragicsenseinthelastepisode–themanbeingexecutedThismayrevealtheinnerwishoftheprotagonistthathewouldratherbeaheroicvictimthanapersonofnosignificanceAndalso,thereisahintoftragedyinhislife)()CompareWalterMittywithCervantes’DonQuixode(唐·吉诃德)Whatsimilaritiesanddifferencesdoyoufindinthetwocharacters(Mitty’sdaydreamsembodytheclichésofadventureorwarfictionandmoviesWhileCervantes’DonQuixodeisalsoinfluencedbythepopularromanceofhistimeandridiculouslyactsouthisfantasies,MittydoesnotevenhavecouragetodothatandseemssatisfiedwithdreamingaboutasortofheroismasanescapefromtheimprisonmentintrivialityInthissense,heisamodernDonQuixode))Explanationandinterpretation:(Explaintheimpliedmeaningofthefollowingsentences,andpointouttheirsignificanceinthecontextofthestory)()Helookedathiswife,intheseatbesidehim,withshockedastonishmentSheseemedgrosslyunfamiliar,likeastrangewomanwhohadyelledathiminacrowd(Mittywaslostinhisdaydream,andwassuddenlyawakenedfromitandtheworldaroundhimseemedratherunfamiliar)()"You'retensedupagain,"saidMrsMitty"It'soneofyourdaysIwishyou'dletDrRenshawlookyouover"(“Tensedup”referstoMitty’sstateoffantasizingHiswife’swordsindicatethatMittyhadahabitoffallingintodaydreamsandhadonceconsultedadoctorforthisproblem)()Heputthem(gloves)on,butaftershehadturnedandgoneintothebuildingandhehaddrivenontoaredlight,hetookthemoffagain(Heobeyedtohiswifehumbly,butwhenshedidnotseehim,hebookthemoffasandactofrebellion)()"Backitup,Mac!LookoutforthatBuick!"WalterMittyjammedonthebrakes"Wronglane,Mac,"saidtheparkinglotattendant(Hedidn’tseemtobeabletodoanythingwellandevenaparkinglotattendantcouldorderandcriticizehimThisaddstohissenseofdepression,ofbeingnobody)()Then,withthatfaint,fleetingsmileplayingabouthislips,hefacedthefiringsquaderectandmotionless,proudanddisdainful…(ThelastepisodeofthefantasyrevealsthemixedfeelingsofbeingavictimandbeingaheroTheendseemsinevitablytragicbuttoMitty’simagination,maintainingasortofheroismispossibleMittyfeltthathewasbeatendownbylife,butinhishearthestillkepthighaspirations)SuggestedHomeworkAllowWalterMittytocontinuehisfantasyoncehearrivedhomefromtheshoppingtripwithhiswifeUsingyourimaginationandwriteaparagraphthatmaybeginlikethis:HeparkedhiscarInafewquicksteps,herushedtothedoorandpusheditopenwithdeterminedsuddenness“Handsup,gentlemen!”hesaidForreferenceonly:HeparkedhiscarInafewquicksteps,herushedtothedoorandpusheditopenwithdeterminedsuddenness“Handsup,gentlemen!”hesaid,pointinghisgunatthethreemensittingthere“FBIWehavebeenfollowingyouforquitesometime”ThemenintheroomweretotallyunpreparedTworaisedtheirhandsovertheirheads,onehesitatedandquietlymovedhisrighthandtoapistolonthecoffeetableHeaimshisgunatthatman,“pushthatpistoltome,slowlyThat’srightIt’snousetryingtodoanythingfunny,letmewarnyou”“WhydowalksoquicklyandpushopenthedoorlikethisGobacktogetthethingsinthecar!”hiswifesaidangrilyKeystoUnitTwelveDonaldBarthelme:TheGlassMountain)QuestionsforDiscussion:(Suggestedanswersforreference)()DoyoufindanythingunusualaboutthestructureofthestoryWhydoyouthinkthewriterchoosesthismannerofnarration(Firstly,thetitlesoundsstrange–thereisno“glassmountain”intherealworldSecondly,theshortstoryismadeupofsentencesandeachsentenceisnumberedThetitle,ifoneisfamiliarwithEuropeanfairytales,remindsoneofapopularstoryThestructureisveryunusual,subvertingtheestablishedformoffictionwritingandcreatingafalseperfectionwiththestorybeginningatSentenceOneandendingatSentenceOneHundredTheauthorseemstobeingmockingattheliteraryconventionbyinventingaformthatlooksgrotesque)()Whatsortofpersonisthenarrator,thefirstperson“I”whotriestoclimbtheglassmountain(Judgingfromwhatgoesoninhismind,wefindthattheclimbermightbeanintellectual,orawriter,asheisfamiliarwithfairytalesandtalksaboutthedefinitionof“symbol”etcSo,theclimbingcanbeseennotasactual,butasimaginedandpsychologicalHeisverymuchdissatisfiedwiththerealitydown“atthebottomofthemountain,”butthefanciful“goldencastle”isunattainableHefindshimselfstrandedinthemiddleHerepresentsthespiritualplightofthe“ModernMan”)()Therearealotofsymbolsinthestorysuchastheglassmountain,thegoldencastle,thedeadknights,theenchantedprincess,theclimberandtheactofclimbingCanyoutrytoexplaintheirsymbolicmeanings(Theglassmountain:themoderncitylife,ortheimpossibleprocessofachievingmeaningThegoldencastle:anidealgoalthatisnothingbutillusionThefallenknights:thedeadordyingtraditionTheenchantedprincess:aimorrewardofhardendeavorTheclimber:amodernmaninpredicament,tryingtoachieveselfrealizationTheclimbing:thedifficultandimpossibleprocesstowardthegoalThestreetscene:therealcitylifeofconfusionandchaosTheclimbingironsandplumber’sfriends:theridiculousmeansforthe“grand”taskThe“acquaintances”:theuncultured,unmanneredgenerationofpeople)()Howdoyouinterprettheendingofthestory(Throughimagination,withtheeaglecarryinghimtouptothepalace,theclimberfinallyreachesthecastleButwithhis“goldentouch,”thesymbolchangesintoaprincess,likeclichéinoldstories,andtheclimberisdisappointedanddisillusionedHeseemstohaverealizedthatthewholethingisnothingbutfairytalefantasy)()ThewholestoryappearstobeveryabsurdWhatsortofrealitycanyouseebehindtheapparentabsurdity(Despitetheabsurdityintheformandcontents,wecanfindintheshortstoryalotofthingsthatarerelatedtotherealityintheWest,asthewriterseesit:thenarratorclimber’ssenseoffrustrationandalienationthelifeofconfusionanddisorderinthecitypeople’sinabilitytoachieveastateofglorythelossoftraditionthereplacementofculturebyhooliganismthelossofaimandmeaninginlifewithonlyimaginedidealismwhichoneknowsisunrealizable))ExplanationandInterpretation:(Explaintheimpliedmeaningofthefollowingsentences,andpointouttheirsignificanceinthecontextofthestory)()ThemountaintowersoverthatpartofEighthAvenuelikesomesplendid,immenseofficebuilding(“EighthAvenue”suggeststhelocationisacity,possiblyNewYork,andtheglassmountainisaglasssurfacedmodernskyscraperItindeedisanofficebuilding)()Myacquaintancesweredebatingthequestion,whichofthemwouldgetmyapartment(Theywerecertainthattheclimber“I”wouldinevitablyfallanddieintheend,likeallthe“knights”)()“Atthesamemomentadooropened,andhesawacourtyardfilledwithflowersandtrees,andthere,thebeautifulenchantedprincess”(TheYellowFairyBook)Atthesamemomentadooropened,andIsawacourtyardfilledwithflowersandtrees,andthere,thebeautifulenchantedsymbol(Inthepopularfairytale,theultimateaimoftheheroistorescuethe“princess,”butthemodernclimberfoundittobenomorethanamere“symbol,”–somethingabstract,remote,anddevoidofsolidmeaning)()Iapproachedthesymbol,withitslayersofmeaning,butwhenItouchedit,itchangedintoonlyabeautifulprincess(Asymbolcanbeinterpreteddifferently–withitslayersofmeaning,butthepopularculturepointstoonlyonedirectionofinterpretationThesymbolofhappyending,asinnumeroustales,isrepresentedbytheunionofthebraveandthebeautiful:“theyouthmarriedtheprincessandlivedhappilyeverafter”Theclimberseemstodislikethiskindofwishfulfantasy)()Ithrewthebeautifulprincessheadfirstdownthemountaintomyacquaintances(Obviously,thisisanactofgreatdisappointmentTheclimberseemstobetotallydisillusionedattheoutcome,havingrealizedtheimpossibilityandfutilityofsuchanattemptHesubvertshisownpurposeoftryingtoachievesomethingheroicorglorious